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SemSEpaper/exercise.bib
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@INPROCEEDINGS{9678888, @INPROCEEDINGS{smartian,
author={Choi, Jaeseung and Kim, Doyeon and Kim, Soomin and Grieco, Gustavo and Groce, Alex and Cha, Sang Kil}, author={Choi, Jaeseung and Kim, Doyeon and Kim, Soomin and Grieco, Gustavo and Groce, Alex and Cha, Sang Kil},
booktitle={2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)}, booktitle={2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)},
title={SMARTIAN: Enhancing Smart Contract Fuzzing with Static and Dynamic Data-Flow Analyses}, title={SMARTIAN: Enhancing Smart Contract Fuzzing with Static and Dynamic Data-Flow Analyses},
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
pages={227-239}, pages={227-239},
doi={10.1109/ASE51524.2021.9678888}} doi={10.1109/ASE51524.2021.9678888}}
@inproceedings{10.1145/3578527.3578538, @inproceedings{fuzzdrivegen,
author = {Pani, Siddhasagar and Nallagonda, Harshita Vani and Vigneswaran and Medicherla, Raveendra Kumar and Rajan M}, author = {Pani, Siddhasagar and Nallagonda, Harshita Vani and Vigneswaran and Medicherla, Raveendra Kumar and Rajan M},
title = {SmartFuzzDriverGen: Smart Contract Fuzzing Automation for Golang}, title = {SmartFuzzDriverGen: Smart Contract Fuzzing Automation for Golang},
year = {2023}, year = {2023},
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
series = {ISEC '23} series = {ISEC '23}
} }
@inproceedings {217464, @inproceedings {teether,
author = {Johannes Krupp and Christian Rossow}, author = {Johannes Krupp and Christian Rossow},
title = {{teEther}: Gnawing at Ethereum to Automatically Exploit Smart Contracts}, title = {{teEther}: Gnawing at Ethereum to Automatically Exploit Smart Contracts},
booktitle = {27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18)}, booktitle = {27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18)},
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
month = aug month = aug
} }
@inproceedings{10.1145/3243734.3243780, @inproceedings{securify,
author = {Tsankov, Petar and Dan, Andrei and Drachsler-Cohen, Dana and Gervais, Arthur and B\"{u}nzli, Florian and Vechev, Martin}, author = {Tsankov, Petar and Dan, Andrei and Drachsler-Cohen, Dana and Gervais, Arthur and B\"{u}nzli, Florian and Vechev, Martin},
title = {Securify: Practical Security Analysis of Smart Contracts}, title = {Securify: Practical Security Analysis of Smart Contracts},
year = {2018}, year = {2018},
@@ -56,3 +56,17 @@
location = {Toronto, Canada}, location = {Toronto, Canada},
series = {CCS '18} series = {CCS '18}
} }
@MISC{
doughoyte,
author = {doughoyte},
title = {MerdeToken: It's Some Hot Shit},
note = {\url{https://github.com/Arachnid/uscc/tree/master/submissions-2017/doughoyte} [Accessed: Oct. 27th 2023]}
}
@misc{CiteDrive2022,
title = {CiteDrive brings reference management to Overleaf},
author = {CiteDrive, Inc},
year = 2022,
note = {\url{https://www.citedrive.com/overleaf} [Accessed: (Use the date of access)]}
}
SemSEpaper/exercises.aux
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SemSEpaper/exercises.bbl
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\begin{thebibliography}{1} \begin{thebibliography}{1}
\bibitem{9678888} \bibitem{smartian}
Jaeseung Choi, Doyeon Kim, Soomin Kim, Gustavo Grieco, Alex Groce, and Sang~Kil Jaeseung Choi, Doyeon Kim, Soomin Kim, Gustavo Grieco, Alex Groce, and Sang~Kil
Cha. Cha.
\newblock Smartian: Enhancing smart contract fuzzing with static and dynamic \newblock Smartian: Enhancing smart contract fuzzing with static and dynamic
@@ -8,14 +8,21 @@ Jaeseung Choi, Doyeon Kim, Soomin Kim, Gustavo Grieco, Alex Groce, and Sang~Kil
\newblock In {\em 2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated \newblock In {\em 2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated
Software Engineering (ASE)}, pages 227--239, 2021. Software Engineering (ASE)}, pages 227--239, 2021.
\bibitem{217464} \bibitem{doughoyte}
doughoyte.
\newblock Merdetoken: It's some hot shit.
\newblock
\url{https://github.com/Arachnid/uscc/tree/master/submissions-2017/doughoyte}
[Accessed: Oct. 27th 2023].
\bibitem{teether}
Johannes Krupp and Christian Rossow. Johannes Krupp and Christian Rossow.
\newblock {teEther}: Gnawing at ethereum to automatically exploit smart \newblock {teEther}: Gnawing at ethereum to automatically exploit smart
contracts. contracts.
\newblock In {\em 27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18)}, pages \newblock In {\em 27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18)}, pages
1317--1333, Baltimore, MD, August 2018. USENIX Association. 1317--1333, Baltimore, MD, August 2018. USENIX Association.
\bibitem{10.1145/3578527.3578538} \bibitem{fuzzdrivegen}
Siddhasagar Pani, Harshita~Vani Nallagonda, Vigneswaran, Raveendra~Kumar Siddhasagar Pani, Harshita~Vani Nallagonda, Vigneswaran, Raveendra~Kumar
Medicherla, and Rajan M. Medicherla, and Rajan M.
\newblock Smartfuzzdrivergen: Smart contract fuzzing automation for golang. \newblock Smartfuzzdrivergen: Smart contract fuzzing automation for golang.
@@ -23,7 +30,7 @@ Siddhasagar Pani, Harshita~Vani Nallagonda, Vigneswaran, Raveendra~Kumar
Conference}, ISEC '23, New York, NY, USA, 2023. Association for Computing Conference}, ISEC '23, New York, NY, USA, 2023. Association for Computing
Machinery. Machinery.
\bibitem{10.1145/3243734.3243780} \bibitem{securify}
Petar Tsankov, Andrei Dan, Dana Drachsler-Cohen, Arthur Gervais, Florian Petar Tsankov, Andrei Dan, Dana Drachsler-Cohen, Arthur Gervais, Florian
B\"{u}nzli, and Martin Vechev. B\"{u}nzli, and Martin Vechev.
\newblock Securify: Practical security analysis of smart contracts. \newblock Securify: Practical security analysis of smart contracts.
SemSEpaper/exercises.blg
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\title{192.127 Seminar in Software Engineering (Smart Contracts) \\ \title{192.127 Seminar in Software Engineering (Smart Contracts) \\
@@ -25,15 +26,15 @@
\author{\textbf{*** YOUR NAME AND STUDENT ID ***}} \author{\textbf{*** YOUR NAME AND STUDENT ID ***}}
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@@ -75,22 +76,26 @@
\subsection{Solidity storage layout} \subsection{Solidity storage layout}
Any contract's storage is a continuous 256-bit address space consisting of 32-bit values. In order to implement dynamically sized data structures like maps and arrays, Solidity distributes their entries in a pseudo-random location. Due to the vast 256-bit range of addresses collisions are statistically extremely improbable and of no practical relevance. Any contract's storage is a continuous 256-bit address space consisting of 32-bit values. In order to implement dynamically sized data structures like maps and arrays, Solidity distributes their entries in a pseudo-random location. Due to the vast 256-bit range of addresses collisions are statistically extremely improbable and of little practical relevance in safely implemented contracts.
\medspace \medspace
In the case of a dynamic array at variable slot $p$, data is written to continuous locations starting at $keccak(p)$. The array itself contains the length information. In the case of a dynamic array at variable slot $p$, data is written to continuous locations starting at $keccak(p)$. The array itself contains the length information as an $uint256$ value. Even enormous arrays are unlikely to produce collisions due to the vast address space, although an improperly managed array may store data to an unbounded user-controlled offset, thereby allowing arbitrary overwriting of data.
\medspace \medspace
For maps stored in variable slot $p$ the data for index $k$ can be found at $keccak(k . p)$ where $.$ is the concatenation operator. For maps stored in variable slot $p$ the data for index $k$ can be found at $keccak(k . p)$ where $.$ is the concatenation operator. This is a statistically safe approach, as the chance of intentionally finding a value for $keccak(k . p)$ s.t. for a known stored variable $x$, $keccak(k . p) == storage\_address(x)$ is about one in $2^{256}$ and $keccak$ is believed to be a cryptographically secure hash function.
\subsection{The Weakness} \subsection{The Weakness}
Any unchecked array write is potentially dangerous, as the storage-location of all variables is publicly known and an unconstrained array index can be reverse engineered to target them. Any unchecked array write is potentially dangerous, as the storage-location of all variables is publicly known and an unconstrained array index can be reverse engineered to target them. This can be achieved by using the known array storage location $p$, target-variable $x$, and computing the offset-value $o$ such that $keccac(p) + o == storage\_address(x)$.
\medspace
A trivial example of such a vulnerable write operation is shown in Algorithm 1.
\lstset{style=mystyle} \lstset{style=mystyle}
\begin{algorithm} \begin{algorithm}[H]
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Octave] \begin{lstlisting}[language=Octave]
pragma solidity 0.4.25; pragma solidity 0.4.25;
@@ -111,37 +116,41 @@ Any unchecked array write is potentially dangerous, as the storage-location of a
\caption{A completely unchecked array write} \caption{A completely unchecked array write}
\end{algorithm} \end{algorithm}
In the following example the $pop$ function incorrectly checks for an array $length >= 0$, thereby allowing the value to underflow when called with an empty array. Once this weakness is exploited $update$ in Algorithm 2 behaves just like $write$ did in Algorithm 1. \medspace
In the following example (Algorithm 2) the $pop$ function incorrectly checks for an array $length >= 0$, thereby allowing the $length$ value to underflow when called with an empty array. Once this weakness is triggered, $update$ in Algorithm 2 behaves just like $write$ did in Algorithm 1.
\medspace
\lstset{style=mystyle} \lstset{style=mystyle}
\begin{algorithm} \begin{algorithm}[H]
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Octave] \begin{lstlisting}[language=Octave]
pragma solidity 0.4.25; pragma solidity 0.4.25;
contract MyContract { contract MyContract {
address private owner; address private owner;
uint[] private arr; uint[] private arr;
constructor() public { constructor() public {
arr = new uint[](0); arr = new uint[](0);
owner = msg.sender; owner = msg.sender;
}
function push(value) {
arr[arr.length] = value;
arr.length++;
}
function pop() {
require(arr.length >= 0);
arr.length--;
}
function update(unit index, uint value) {
require(index < arr.length);
arr[index] = value;
}
} }
function push(value) {
arr[arr.length] = value;
arr.length++;
}
function pop() {
require(arr.length >= 0);
arr.length--;
}
function update(unit index, uint value) {
require(index < arr.length);
arr[index] = value;
}
}
\end{lstlisting} \end{lstlisting}
\caption{An incorrectly managed array length} \caption{An incorrectly managed array length}
\end{algorithm} \end{algorithm}
@@ -153,17 +162,37 @@ collect vulnerable contracts used by different papers to motivate/illustrate the
\section{Code properties and automatic detection} \section{Code properties and automatic detection}
summarize the code properties that tools are looking for so that they can detect the weakness Automatic detection tools can be broadly categorized into ones employing static analysis and those who use fuzzing, i.e. application of semi-random inputs. Notable static analysis tools include Securify \cite{securify} and teEther \cite{teether} which both function in a similar manner:
\medspace
Initially, the given EVM byte-code is disassembled into a control-flow-graph (CFG). In the second step, the tools identify potentially risky instructions. In the case of arbitrary writes, the instruction of note is $sstore(k,v)$ where both $k$ and $v$ are input-controlled. The tools differ in the way they identify whether or not the values are input-controlled.
\medspace
In the case of Securify \cite{securify}, the CFG is translated into what the authors call "semantic facts" to which an elaborate set of so-called security patterns is applied. These patterns consist of building blocks in the form of predicates, which allows the tool to simply generate output based on the (transitively) matched patterns.
\medspace
teEther \cite{teether} employs a similar approach, but instead the authors opt to build a graph of dependent variables. If the graph arrives at a $sstore(k,v)$ instruction and a path can be found leading to user-controlled inputs, the tool infers a set of constraints which are then used to automatically generate an exploit.
\medspace
The fuzz-driven approach to vulnerability detection is more abstract, as general-purpose fuzzing tools generally don't have knowledge of the analysed program. For the tool SmartFuzzDriverGenerator \cite{fuzzdrivegen}, a multitude of these fuzzing libraries can be used. The problem at hand is, however, that the technique cannot interface with a smart contract out of the box. The "glue" between fuzzer and program is called a driver, hence the name of "driver-generator".
\medspace
SmartFuzzDriverGenerator aims to automatically generate such a driver by %TODO: I have no idea how it does this actually%
\medspace
The Smartian tool \cite{smartian} attempts to find a middle-ground between static and dynamic analysis by first transforming the EVM bytecode into control-flow facts. Based on this information, a set of seed-inputs is generated that are expected to have a high probability of yielding useable results. Should no exploit be found, the seed-inputs are then mutated in order to yield a higher code coverage. %TODO: This is probably extemely inprecise and should be re-written%
\section{Exploit sketch} \section{Exploit sketch}
sketch ways to potentially exploit the different variants of the weakness. \cite{doughoyte}
%TODO: just explain what this guy does: https://github.com/Arachnid/uscc/tree/master/submissions-2017/doughoyte%
%remove this later%
\cite{10.1145/3243734.3243780}
\cite{10.1145/3578527.3578538}
\cite{217464}
\cite{9678888}
\bibliography{exercise.bib} \bibliography{exercise.bib}