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\title{192.127 Seminar in Software Engineering (Smart Contracts) \\
 SWC-124: Write to Arbitrary Storage Location}
\author{Exercises}

\date{WT 2023/24}

\author{\textbf{*** YOUR NAME AND STUDENT ID ***}}

  \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
  \newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
  \newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
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  \newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture}
  \newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
  \newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
  \newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}
  \newtheorem{exercise}[theorem]{Exercise}


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\begin{document}


\maketitle

\section{Weakness and consequences}

\subsection{Solidity storage layout}

Any contract's storage is a continuous 256-bit address space consisting of 32-bit values. In order to implement dynamically sized data structures like maps and arrays, Solidity distributes their entries in a pseudo-random location. Due to the vast 256-bit range of addresses collisions are statistically extremely improbable and of no practical relevance.

\medspace

In the case of a dynamic array at variable slot $p$, data is written to continuous locations starting at $keccak(p)$. The array itself contains the length information.

\medspace

For maps stored in variable slot $p$ the data for index $k$ can be found at $keccak(k . p)$ where $.$ is the concatenation operator.

\subsection{The Weakness}

Any unchecked array write is potentially dangerous, as the storage-location of all variables is publicly known and an unconstrained array index can be reverse engineered to target them.

\lstset{style=mystyle}
\begin{algorithm}
	\begin{lstlisting}[language=Octave]
	pragma solidity 0.4.25;
	
	contract MyContract {
		address private owner;
		uint[] private arr;
		
		constructor() public {
			arr = new uint[](0);
			owner = msg.sender;
		}
		
		function write(unit index, uint value) {
			arr[index] = value;
		}
	}
	\end{lstlisting}
	\caption{A completely unchecked array write}
\end{algorithm}

In the following example the $pop$ function incorrectly checks for an array $length >= 0$, thereby allowing the value to underflow when called with an empty array. Once this weakness is exploited $update$ in Algorithm 2 behaves just like $write$ did in Algorithm 1. 

\lstset{style=mystyle}
\begin{algorithm}
	\begin{lstlisting}[language=Octave]
		pragma solidity 0.4.25;
		
		contract MyContract {
			address private owner;
			uint[] private arr;
			
			constructor() public {
				arr = new uint[](0);
				owner = msg.sender;
			}
			
			function push(value) {
				arr[arr.length] = value;
				arr.length++;
			}
			
			function pop() {
				require(arr.length >= 0);
				arr.length--;
			}
			
			function update(unit index, uint value) {
				require(index < arr.length);
				arr[index] = value;
			}
		}
	\end{lstlisting}
	\caption{An incorrectly managed array length}
\end{algorithm}


\section{Vulnerable contracts in literature}

collect vulnerable contracts used by different papers to motivate/illustrate the weakness

\section{Code properties and automatic detection}

summarize the code properties that tools are looking for so that they can detect the weakness

\section{Exploit sketch}

sketch ways to potentially exploit the different variants of the weakness.

%remove this later%
\cite{10.1145/3243734.3243780}
\cite{10.1145/3578527.3578538}
\cite{217464}
\cite{9678888}

\bibliography{exercise.bib}

\end{document}