Add unchecked assembly, add gitignore, cleanup
This commit is contained in:
Ivaylo Ivanov
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\relax
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\bibstyle{plain}
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\providecommand \oddpage@label [2]{}
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Weakness and consequences}{1}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Solidity storage layout}{1}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}The Weakness}{1}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\citation{securify}
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\citation{teether}
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\@writefile{loa}{\contentsline {algocf}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces A completely unchecked array write}}{2}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\@writefile{loa}{\contentsline {algocf}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces An incorrectly managed array length}}{2}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Vulnerable contracts in literature}{2}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\citation{securify}
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\citation{teether}
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\citation{fuzzdrivegen}
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\citation{smartian}
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\citation{doughoyte}
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\bibdata{exercise.bib}
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\bibcite{smartian}{1}
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\bibcite{doughoyte}{2}
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\bibcite{teether}{3}
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\bibcite{fuzzdrivegen}{4}
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Code properties and automatic detection}{3}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Exploit sketch}{3}{}\protected@file@percent }
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\bibcite{securify}{5}
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\gdef \@abspage@last{4}
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This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d
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Capacity: max_strings=200000, hash_size=200000, hash_prime=170003
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The top-level auxiliary file: exercises.aux
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Reallocating 'name_of_file' (item size: 1) to 6 items.
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The style file: plain.bst
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Reallocating 'name_of_file' (item size: 1) to 13 items.
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Database file #1: exercise.bib
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You've used 5 entries,
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and the built_in function-call counts, 2246 in all, are:
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:= -- 346
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cite$ -- 5
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duplicate$ -- 98
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empty$ -- 166
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format.name$ -- 40
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if$ -- 502
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pop$ -- 49
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preamble$ -- 1
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purify$ -- 30
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quote$ -- 0
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skip$ -- 81
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stack$ -- 0
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substring$ -- 107
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swap$ -- 41
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text.length$ -- 3
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text.prefix$ -- 0
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top$ -- 0
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type$ -- 20
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warning$ -- 0
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while$ -- 16
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width$ -- 6
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write$ -- 62
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This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.25 (MiKTeX 23.5) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2023.6.4) 27 OCT 2023 11:03
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entering extended mode
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restricted \write18 enabled.
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%&-line parsing enabled.
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**./exercises.tex
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(exercises.tex
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LaTeX2e <2022-11-01> patch level 1
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L3 programming layer <2023-05-15>
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Document Class: article 2022/07/02 v1.4n Standard LaTeX document class
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File: size10.clo 2022/07/02 v1.4n Standard LaTeX file (size option)
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\c@part=\count185
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\abovecaptionskip=\skip48
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\date{WT 2023/24}
|
\date{WT 2023/24}
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||||||
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\author{\textbf{*** YOUR NAME AND STUDENT ID ***}}
|
\author{\textbf{Ivanov, Ivaylo (11777707) \& Millauer, Peter (01350868)}}
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\medspace
|
\medspace
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A trivial example of such a vulnerable write operation is shown in Algorithm 1.
|
A trivial example of such a vulnerable write operation is shown in Algorithm~\ref{alg:vuln-write}.
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\lstset{style=mystyle}
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\lstset{style=mystyle}
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\begin{algorithm}[H]
|
\begin{algorithm}[H]
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@@ -114,11 +115,12 @@ A trivial example of such a vulnerable write operation is shown in Algorithm 1.
|
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}
|
}
|
||||||
\end{lstlisting}
|
\end{lstlisting}
|
||||||
\caption{A completely unchecked array write}
|
\caption{A completely unchecked array write}
|
||||||
|
\label{alg:vuln-write}
|
||||||
\end{algorithm}
|
\end{algorithm}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\medspace
|
\medspace
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In the following example (Algorithm 2) the $pop$ function incorrectly checks for an array $length >= 0$, thereby allowing the $length$ value to underflow when called with an empty array. Once this weakness is triggered, $update$ in Algorithm 2 behaves just like $write$ did in Algorithm 1.
|
In the following example (Algorithm~\ref{alg:pop-incorrect}) the $pop$ function incorrectly checks for an array $length >= 0$, thereby allowing the $length$ value to underflow when called with an empty array. Once this weakness is triggered, $update$ in Algorithm~\ref{alg:pop-incorrect} behaves just like $write$ did in Algorithm~\ref{alg:pop-incorrect}.
|
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|
\medspace
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|
|||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
\end{lstlisting}
|
\end{lstlisting}
|
||||||
\caption{An incorrectly managed array length}
|
\caption{An incorrectly managed array length}
|
||||||
|
\label{alg:pop-incorrect}
|
||||||
\end{algorithm}
|
\end{algorithm}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Another weakness that allows arbitrary storage access is unchecked assembly code. Assembly is a powerful tool that allows the developers to get as close to the EVM as they can,
|
||||||
|
but it may also be very dangerous when not tested correctly. As per the documentation\footnote{\url{https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/assembly.html}}: \textit{"this [inline assembly]
|
||||||
|
bypasses important safety features and checks of Solidity. You should only use it for tasks that need it, and only if you are confident with using it."}
|
||||||
|
When given access to such lowlevel structures, a programmer can built-in not only weaknesses similar to the ones described previously, but also others, such as overwriting map locations,
|
||||||
|
contract variables etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
An example for such a weakness is given in Algorithm~\ref{alg:unchecked-assembly}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\medspace
|
||||||
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||||||
|
\lstset{style=mystyle}
|
||||||
|
\begin{algorithm}[H]
|
||||||
|
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Octave]
|
||||||
|
pragma solidity 0.4.25;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
contract MyContract {
|
||||||
|
address private owner;
|
||||||
|
mapping(address => bool) public managers;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
constructor() public {
|
||||||
|
owner = msg.sender;
|
||||||
|
setNextUserRole(msg.sender);
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
function setNextManager(address next) internal {
|
||||||
|
uint256 slot;
|
||||||
|
assembly {
|
||||||
|
slot := managers.slot
|
||||||
|
sstore(slot, next)
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
bytes32 location = keccak256(abi.encode(160, uint256(slot)));
|
||||||
|
assembly {
|
||||||
|
sstore(location, true)
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
function registerUser(address user) {
|
||||||
|
require(msg.sender == owner);
|
||||||
|
setNextManager(user);
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
function cashout() {
|
||||||
|
require(managers[msg.sender]);
|
||||||
|
address payable manager = msg.sender;
|
||||||
|
manager.transfer(address(this).balance);
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
\end{lstlisting}
|
||||||
|
\caption{An unchecked assembly write to mapping}
|
||||||
|
\label{alg:unchecked-assembly}
|
||||||
|
\end{algorithm}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The contract has a manager mapping, which should be used as a stack.
|
||||||
|
The developer has added the \texttt{setNextManager} function, which should set the top of the stack to the latest user as a manager.
|
||||||
|
The issue is that the function is implemented in such a way, that the stack would not grow, but the first element would always be overwritten - this arises from the fact that the memory slot
|
||||||
|
of the managers mapping does not point to the memory address on the top of the stack, but instead to the base of it.
|
||||||
|
The function is then using this slot address directly, without calculating any offset, overwriting the base of the stack.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Vulnerable contracts in literature}
|
\section{Vulnerable contracts in literature}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user